Thursday, September 3, 2020

Centrifugal Force Essay Sample free essay sample

Divergent power ( from Latin centrum. planning â€Å"center† . furthermore, fugere. planning â€Å"to flee† ) is the apparent outward power that draws a rotating natural structure off from the focal point of rotational movement. It is brought about by the inertia of the natural structure as the body’s way is constantly diverted. In Newtonian mechanics. the term diffusive power is utilized to make reference to one of two recognizable builds: an inertial power ( other than called a â€Å"fictitious† power ) saw in a non-inertial notice outline. what's more, a response power coordinating to a centripetal power. The term is other than here and there utilized in Lagrangian mechanics to delineate certain footings in the summed up power that rely upon the pick of summed up co-ordinates. The develop of radiating power is applied in spinning gadgets, for example, extractors. radial siphons. diffusive governors. radial catches. and so on . each piece great as in diffusive railways. planetal circles. banked bends. and so on. These gadgets and condition of affairss can be investigated either in footings of the created power in the rotating co-ordinate arrangement of the motion connection to a middle. or on the other hand in footings of the centripetal and receptive diffusive powers seen from a non-pivoting edge of notice ; these various powers are equivalent in size. however, diffusive and receptive outward powers are inverse in route to the centripetal power. History of builds of radial and centripetal powers The build of radial power has developed since the clasp of Huygens. Newton. Leibniz. what's more, Hooke who communicated early builds of it. Its cutting edge develop as a created power starting in a turning notice outline advanced in the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years Radial power has other than played a capacity in contentions in old style mechanics about detecting of outright signal. Newton proposed two proclamations to answer the request of whether supreme rotating movement can be identified: the spinning bucket articulation. what's more, the pivoting circles explanation. Orchestrating to Newton. in every situation the outward power would be seen in the object’s neighborhood outline ( the casing where the article is fixed ) simply if the casing were rotating as to supreme boundless. Around two centuries along these lines. Mach’s rule was proposed where. on the other hand of outright turning movement. the motion of the inaccessible stars comparative with the nearby inertial casing gives ascend through some ( theoretical ) physical statute to the diffusive power and different idleness impacts. Today’s position depends on the idea of an inertial edge of notice. which benefits perceivers for which the Torahs of characteristic m ethods of reasoning interpretation of their least difficult signifier. what's more, in impossible to miss. outlines that do non use diffusive powers in their conditions of motion so as to portray motions right. The similarity between diffusive power ( in some cases used to make unbelievable attractive energy ) and gravitative powers prompted the correspondence rule of general relativity. Manufactured divergent power Diffusive power is every now and again mistook for centripetal power. Radiating power is most regularly presented as an outward power obvious in a turning edge of notice. It is clear ( created ) as in it is non bit of an association however is a result of rotating movement †with no response power inverse number. This kind of power is related with portraying signal in a non-inertial notice outline. what's more, alluded to as a created or inertial power ( a portrayal that must be comprehended as a capable utilization of these words that implies only that the power is non present in a fixed or inertial edge ) There are three settings in which the develop of manufactured radial power emerges when portraying signal using old style mechanics: In the primary setting. the motion is depicted near to a rotating notice outline about a fixed pivot toward the start of the co-ordinate framework. For perceptions made in the pivoting outline. all articles have all the earmarks of being affected by a radially outward power that is comparative with the good ways from the hub of rotational movement and to the square of the pace of turning movement ( precise speed ) of the edge. The second setting is comparative. also, depicts the motion using a quickened neighborhood notice outline appended to a voyaging natural structure. for delineation. the edge of riders in an auto as it adjusts a corner. In this occasion. revolving movement is again included. this clasp about the focal point of ebb and flow of the method of the voyaging natural structure. In both these unique situations. the divergent power is zero when the pace of revolving movement of the notice outline is zero. free of the motions of articles in the edge. The third setting emerges in Lagrangian mechanics. what's more, alludes to a subset of summed up powers that as often as possible are non equivalent to the vector powers of Newtonian mechanics. The summed up powers are called â€Å"generalized diffusive forces† in this setting ( the word summed up is once in a while overlooked ) . They are identified with the square of the pace of adjustment of summed up co-ordinates ( for representation. polar co-ordinates. utilized in the Lagrangian readiness of mechanics. This subject is investigated in more thing underneath. In the event that items are viewed as going from a pivoting outline. this movement outcomes in another created power. the Coriolis power ; and if the pace of rotational movement of the edge is changing. a third created power. the Euler power is experienced. Together. these three created powers are important for the readiness of right conditions of motion in a pivoting notice outline. Responsive radiating power A responsive radiating power is the response power to a centripetal power. A mass experiencing bended motion. for example, round motion. constantly quickens toward the pivot of rotating movement. This centripetal speeding up is given by a centripetal power. which is applied on the mass by some other article. In congruity with Newton’s Third Law of Motion. the mass applies an equivalent and inverse power on the article. This is the receptive diffusive power. It is coordinated off from the focal point of revolving movement. what's more, is applied by the rotating mass on the article that begins the centripetal speeding up. This develop of radiating power is extremely not the same as the created power. As the two of them are given a similar name. they might be simple conflated. While the ‘fictitious force’ Acts of the Apostless on the natural structure going in a round manner. the ‘reactive force’ is applied by the natural structure going in a round manner onto some other item. The previous is utile in breaking down the signal of the natural structure in a pivoting notice outline ; the last is utile for happening powers on different articles. in an inertial edge. This response power is now and again portrayed as an outward inertial response. that is. a power that is radially coordinated. which is a receptive power equivalent and inverse to the centripetal power that is turning the method of the mass. The build of the receptive outward power is some of the time utilized in mechanics and innovation. It is now and again alluded to as just divergent power rather than as receptive outward power. ExampleFree natural structure chart demoing the powers on a ball and a twine keeping up it in round motion. Left: inertial casing where the ball supposedly revolves. Right: co-pivoting outline where the ball seems fixed. All the powers have a similar extent. in any case, their waies might be inverse. The belongingss of the two powers in the above Table are represented by a representation appeared in the figure. The figure shows a ball in round signal. attached to a station by a twine. The station is fixed in the land. what's more, the twine is viewed as exorbitantly light-weight to affect the powers. The figure is a delineation of a free natural structure outline. a â€Å"exploded† innovation word image of the various parts with the powers on each indicated separately. The powers in the inertial casing where the ball supposedly travels are appeared in the left segment. the co-pivoting outline where the ball shows up non to travel is appeared in the correct section. The midway picture of the inertial edge ( left ) shows the ball pivoting. This round motion leaves from a successive line on the grounds that the ball is able to the centripetal radially internal power gave by the twine strained quality. As depicted in the article unvarying round motion. in the case where the speed of the ball is unchanging. the centripetal speeding up is: with a the increasing speed. v the invariable speed. what's more, r the span of the way. The power is. of class. this speeding up increased by the mass of the ball. The midway picture of the co-pivoting outline ( right ) shows the ball sitting still in a turning casing of notice. The power ready because of the strained quality in the twine is adjusted by the outward power presented by the revolving movement of the co-pivoting outline. so when the outward power is remembered for Newton’s Torahs of motion there is zero net power upon the ball. The visual part of a radial power in this non-inertial casing is demonstrated in the Table. furthermore, its belongingss concur with those in the Table. The lower figures show the powers upon the twine. which are the equivalent in the two edges: the two terminals of the twine are fit to approach however oppositely coordinated powers. At the terminal of the twine joined to the ball. the power is the receptive diffusive power. the outward power applied by the ball upon the twine in response to the power applied upon the ball by the strained quality in the twine. as anticipated by Newton’s â€Å"action and reaction† third law of signal. As demonstrated in the Table. this power shows up in all casings of notice. what's more, its belongingss

Wednesday, August 26, 2020

How the Internet Makes You Boring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How the Internet Makes You Boring - Essay Example As per Teitel, the enthusiasm of the web clients wind up seeking after them rather than the common methods where one ought to sufficiently seek after their advantage. It isn't unexpected to see that web clients invest their energy through data that has no significance to their advantage, the greater part of which is sifted by the web index supplier dependent on the catch clicked. Through these controlled outcomes, the data we get from such outcomes are limited and decreased, not on the grounds that we were keen on less data but since the web gives us such. Through this, our insight, assessments and perspectives on various occasions that intrigue us are limited while those that are of little significance to our lives are given in bounty. As an instrument that has all the possibility to build our insight and perspectives on various world news and occasions, Teitel accepts that narrowing this data expands fatigue (Teitel, 2013). Web crawlers can think about what an individual needs to look for from the web and this as per the engineers makes life simpler when utilizing this apparatus. At the point when you start scanning for any thing from the Google internet searcher, a few proposals manifests which are intended to control your hunt and plan which locales you should visit. This makes life exhausting in light of the fact that the data we wind up perusing and picking up enthusiasm for isn't actually our underlying interest. Teitel contends that nobody has a thought why the web and its web index limits our data and aides our lives through destinations that have spam like data. Imparting through utilizing the messages has not been saved either as web designers utilize this also to shape our feeling and control the scope of data that contacts us. Teitel contends that if for example you mail your companion concerning one dream you have had for long concerning one Christian Gray, pop message on sadomasochistic sen timent will be sent to you in streams (Teitel, 2013). The first mail had no outflow of enthusiasm on the data that are presently sent neither did it notice anything concerning sentiment. The web fills the spaces for your sake and sends you course and help in spite of the way that you never showed that you required any. Throughout everyday life, we wipe out what we don't require at whatever point we have an inclination that we ought to and this incorporates companions, occasions and data. This has anyway halted on the grounds that the web can have the option to measure what we need and what we don’t consequently cleansing all that it esteems pointless in our lives and sending all it regard required in our lives in plenitude. The absence of individual control made by the web and its separating method of educating us makes it very exhausting and unimportant in certain degrees of our lives (Teitel, 2013). The web has a channel bubble propensities of cleansing all the data it este ems pointless in our lives and introducing the sifted data to us without our due assent. On the off chance that you are a preservationist and a portion of your web based life companions are liberal, the web will ready to decide your tendency and along these lines diminish your entrance and association with your liberal companions without your assent. Pariser, a co-writer with Teitel contends that once she quit tapping on her preservationist companions on Facebook, the profiles and newsfeeds of the greater part of these companions started to vanish, implying that Facebook prearranged calculation

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Nurse Betty Free Essays

â€Å"Nurse Betty† isn't so much a film about a medical caretaker, however it is a decent delineation of howâ nurses can in some cases be depicted by the media. In this film a humble community server named Bettyâ fixates on one specialist as depicted in her preferred drama, â€Å"A Reason To Love.† Subsequent to seeing her husband’s murder while viewing a scene Betty starts toâ become silly, accepting that she is a medical attendant in the emergency clinic where the character of Dr. We will compose a custom exposition test on Medical caretaker Betty or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Ravellâ from the drama works. Betty likewise trusts herself to be his ex-fiancã © and that she is still inâ love with him. As this hallucination grabs hold she gathers her sacks and leaves the area of the wrongdoing toâ head to Los Angeles to discover him. In view of her daydreams Betty doesn't frequently relate well with others. She has convincedâ herself that she is a genuine medical caretaker and is infatuated with Dr. Ravell. Therefore she comes up short toâ understand why others can't acknowledge this. The remaining medical attendant, specialist and emergency clinic organization depictions are generally minor roles. Many are minimal more than walk-ons and cardboard cut-out drama generalizations. The ones whoâ are truly in these positions and not characters from the drama are depicted all the more reasonably thanâ the cleanser characters. When Betty shows up at what she accepts is the medical clinic where Dr. Ravell works theâ administration is from the start portrayed as true in light of her cases of being a medical attendant andâ looking for Dr. Ravell, an acclaimed cardiologist who should work there. Despite the fact that he hasâ never been known about previously. Little is appeared of how Betty handles herself as a medical caretaker. For the most part this is expected to the factâ that she isn't a medical attendant. Despite the fact that she trusts herself to be one. The other minor depictions ofâ nurses in this film are commonly positive and believable.Overall this film shows a few instances of how Hollywood depicts those in theâ medical calling. Both with the clinical experts as characters and with the moreâ stereotyped drama characters. LaBute, N. (Chief). (2000). Attendant Betty [Film] Hollywood: Gramercy Pictures The most effective method to refer to Nurse Betty, Essay models

M&ms color distribution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

M&ms shading dispersion - Essay Example Madison expected every extraordinary shading are consolidated together and made at various time en route into various size bundles. As per the M&M’s site, each bundle of chocolate milk ought to contain, 24%, 14%, 16%, 20%, 13%, and 14% of blue, earthy colored, green, orange, red, and yellow individually. This is what is expressed in the purchaser office. Subsequent to doing a functional overview, Madison discovered that the rates showed in the bundles were off by a long shot to the dispersion expressed. Madison presumed that they produce the showed rates of each shading and afterward simply top off the packs off weight based technique. This derives a specific bundle might be a lot of away off the showed rate. Because of this, Madison directed his examination and showed his outcomes. He did this by irregular testing of packs. Madison gained M&M’s sold in cardboard box containing 48 bundles. He at that point tallied each shading and afterward looked at the aggregate of the considerable number of hues in each bundle to the total of the pack as a mistake checking structure. He at that point did investigation as follows: as per Madison, he anticipated 24%, 13%, 16%, 29%, 13%, and 14% of blue, earthy colored, green, orange, red, and yellow individually. In any case, he watched 18.36%, 14.16%, 18.44%, 20.76%, 14.20%, and 14.08% of blue, earthy colored, green, orange, red, and yellow individually. The column showing the amount expected depends on the complete M&M’s watched numbers utilizing expected percent esteems from M&M’s site. As found in the outcomes, blue which is the most watched shading in the M&M was in reality third in fame watch. It was around 25 percent not exactly the sum anticipated. Notwithstanding, orange, earthy colored, yellow, and red were inside 2% focuse s on what was normal as their qualities. Yellow was anyway nearest. Toward the finish of the examination, apparently pack 22 is a lot nearer to the distributed

Friday, August 21, 2020

Absolutism Pros And Cons Essay

The historical backdrop of Absolutism started during the seventeen century during the progress from Feudalism to Capitalism in England and was known as â€Å"The Divine Right of Kings† England was encountering a total topple of their government and its substitution was first by a Republic and afterward by another and debilitated government. For England, toward the finish of the seventeen century they would see the disintegration of the monarch’s controls in the â€Å"Glorious Revolution†. Absolutism was a type of government where the decision rulers were answerable for God and power was typified in the King as it were. Regardless of the endeavors by the Kings in England their concept of Absolutism didn’t hit its full force as it did when King Louis XIV of France took the position of authority. I trust I share a similar assessment of most of individuals all through this nation and even worldwide that there are a bigger number of cons and shortcomings of Abs olutism than there are geniuses and qualities. I will begin with the cons and shortcomings. In all reality the idea that one man, a solitary â€Å"leader† could have this force put into him with a solitary view on the whole country’s individual decisions, strict convictions, way of life decisions, culture and virtues is past crazy and a type of servitude on the off chance that you ask me. His perspectives are not imparted to the whole nation and for a solitary individual to be in charge of them everything is upsetting to excess. These rulers were perceived as France’s incomparable lawmakers, agents, judicators and leader of the whole nation. At the end of the day, the appointed authority, attorneys and jury! I would state that is a significant â€Å"con† in that spot! Absolutism doesn’t consider and even invalidated any recorded advancements during the logical unrest during the Enlightenment period. It likewise exposes science hypotheses, new thoughts on creation, ethics speculations, individual family esteems, singular ways of life and developmental nature of mankind all in all. It additionally needs social contrasts and huge numbers of the rulers appeared to be narrow minded to any social assorted variety. Another shortcoming is that Absolutism essentially disregards the conditions wherein moral decisions are made and in today’s world in the twentieth and 21st hundreds of years those are the very opportunities and freedoms we have as Americans. It’s a bad dream thinking back in history and finding out about these well off, childish and voracious raucous men being the rulers and leaders of a whole nation. Extremely one â€Å"mind† and â€Å"theory† for all? Thank heavens for the Enlightenment time when the wise, taught and ethically stable men adapted to the situation to change the world in which they lived in from the dull ages into the â€Å"light† known as the Enlightenment time frame! The last â€Å"con† of Absolutism that is likely the most perilous to their general public was the way that there was no Democrati c authenticity on the grounds that the pioneer was not chosen by the individuals he acquired the situation by either a family dying or given to them by a resigning lord. So any obligation and responsibility is deficient with regards to with regards to a terrible decision by a wasteful dictator of a ruler. A few models incorporate religion convictions and maiming to the non-devotees and adherents, a race to judgment for a wrongdoing the charged probably won't have submitted with their â€Å"eye for an eye† standpoint of remorseless disciplines in light of the fact that recall there was no preliminaries, members of the jury and their â€Å"government† came up short on that freedom to safeguard yourself and express your real thoughts in that time. It was an incredible crossroads in history when Absolutism hit its timeframe of realistic usability with the age of the Enlightenment on the ascent with an increasingly modernized perspective. The geniuses and qualities were difficult to accumulate however taking my one-sided cap off for a second I can open my brain to different people’s assessments and various perspectives on Absolutism†¦.I surmise. Absolutism can give a fixed moral code which gives clear good decisions in circumstances where there is a requirement fo r moral direction. Their thoughts are that ethical quality isn’t dependent on individual or gathering inclinations but instead on outright and widespread qualities. A few people feel it’s better to follow at that point to lead and it permits various social orders to share basic qualities. It could bring steadiness and a progressively affable society when everybody follows a similar ruler, regardless of whether they concur with it or not, the ruler sets clear and basic standards which would any stay away from clashes, contradictions and any close to home predispositions since choices and outcomes are not considered. This would be to some degree valuable with regards to choices on war since choices are reached and actualized rapidly, as there is a no discussion and administration included. There is a feeling of balance inside the legislature on the grounds that similar standards apply to everybody in each circumstance. Taking everything into account, it is presence of mind that having an Absolute government over a Democracy is totally crazy. We have made some amazing progress from the dim ages into the time of the Enlightenment, the Scientific and American upsets, alongside the final product of a solid U.S. Constitution and Bills of Rights that is currently the establishment to our country’s common freedoms and opportunities we highly esteem and are grateful to have.

Word of the Week! Hyperbole Richmond Writing

Word of the Week! Hyperbole Richmond Writing Dr. Jerry Tarver, Professor of Rhetoric Communication Studies, nominated our word, hyperbole. Dr. Tarver provides this interesting anecdote: William F. Buckley, Jr. once gave a speech at UR in which he discussed the compulsion politicians have for overstatement. He called this tendency the hyperbolic imperative and unfortunately lost the attention of a large number of students. The word makes a useful distinction between outright lying and simple exaggeration. Hyperbole in practice is not all bad by any means; the best of writers make use of it. And it is also a word best pronounced by not looking at it. That insight will prove useful to me, personally, whenever I hear too much news; then I slip into to thinking of hyperbole as much closer to an outright lie than what Buckley claimed.   So what is the origin of this term? Looking closer, I imagine a forgotten deity from the age of Pericles. The OED Online supports the common usage as overstatement for rhetorical effect; so far, so good then. The etymology here is indeed Greek, meaning excess. As for early uses, the OED goes back to 1529 and no less a speaker and writer than Catholic martyr Thomas More, best known today for his Utopia and death at the hands of Henry VIII. More noted, in the spelling of his day, a maner of speking which is among lerned men called yperbole, for the more vehement expressyng of a mater. Seven decades later, Shakespeare spelled the word hiperbole but used it in the same way as More had done. Modern spelling has settled down, but not so a drift in meaning to something very close to lying, thus making a falsehood out of what was once merely exaggeration. We enjoy hyperbole frequently in tall tales, in the hyperbolic commentary of sportscasters or, with a wink, in political speeches. Nominate a word by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Words of the Week here.

Friday, June 5, 2020

Benchmark Ethical Dilemmas - Free Essay Example

Benchmark Ethical Dilemmas Performance enhancing drugs can be a huge asset to athletes. There are also extreme health risks associated with these drugs. This drug is currently not illegal yet but has there been any test studies on the health risks? Paul may lose his starting position if he doesnt keep pace with the other members of his team. Using non-illegal performance enhancing drugs is an acceptable method to increase body mass and speed. This paper will address the ethical dilemma of using performance enhancing drugs, from the perspective of a former athlete. Ethical Dilemma Considering the financial upside for an athlete who may consider doping as a means of greater performance to increase their earnings, what do they have to worry about? Even if they are exposed, theyve already reaped the benefits. (Brumagin, 2012) If the drug is not illegal who are we to say if it is right or wrong? Ethical thinking and practices are associated with positive ethics speaks to the professional goal of helping others doing competent, beneficial work. (Etzel Skvarla, 2017) The use of banned drugs can lead to fines and suspensions, but they can also be used medically in the rehabilitation from an injury. Many of these drugs are like hormones that aid in repair of the muscle tissue. Some increase the red blood cell levels. They can also aid in kidney disease. Faster recovery times for sports such as swimming or bicycling. Ethically speaking, PEDs are a beneficial part of sports and medicine. Core Beliefs Legally his response can be to use or not based on his personal choice. The PED is not a banned substance so there would be no legal implications. Physically, he would assure his starting spot. Besides making Paul quicker, bigger and stronger PEDs also can help him recover after a workout or event. Football is a physically demanding sport that requires speed and strength with quick recovery times. A study by Rogerston and colleagues (2007) nicely illustrates this effect of performance-enhancing drugs. (Linnaeus, 2017) Bench press strength and cycling performance increased vs a placebo group. With results coming in 3 weeks vs the typical 6 to 12 weeks. Increased recovery can be found in Miller and Btaiche (2009)s study showed that oxandrolone (a synthetic derivative of testosterone) improved lean body mass, increased muscle strength, and restored body weight in patients with severe thermal injuries. (Linnaeus, 2017) Spiritually he can be placated by the truth that it is not a banned s ubstance. If at some time in the future the PED becomes banned, then he has a whole new set of facts to consider. Physically, Mentally and Spiritually. Resolution This is a difficult question ethically from a Christians worldview. God blessed us with this body, is it ok for us to alter that blessing? Is there a place for healthy enhancement? (McGarvey, 2007) Lets consider context for a moment. As we are commanded to take dominion over creation to improve the world. At what point is it too much? When does it become a battle against Gods will? Lets take cosmetic surgery, many believers look down on this procedure strictly for vanity sake. However, those same believers have no moral dilemma to use that same cosmetic surgery to restore a burn victim. Therefore, context must be taken into consideration. (McGarvey, 2007) In our PED scenario Paul should pass on using this drug strictly for enhancement purposes. If he was using them to recover from a serious injury the moral compass could be pointed differently. The Bible has a lot to say about sins of the heart and attitude. Whatever happens, conduct yourselves in a manner worthy of the gospel of Chr ist (Philippians 1:27) Evaluation The Christian worldview would almost certainly cost Paul his starting position on the football team and possibly the opportunity to go farther in his chosen sport. But, maybe God didnt have being a sports star in Paul future. The Law of unintended consequences holds that almost all human actions have at least one unintended consequence. Unintended consequences are a common phenomenon, due to the complexity of the world and human over-confidence. Author Unknown human over-confidence. Author Unknown The law of unintended consequences is not a divine mandate, but more a proverbial wisdom. (Marquez, 2013) In 1 Peter 1:15 16, we are told, that we are to be holy because our God is holy. Although we strive to this expectation none of us are too good at it. We tend to look for external source to modify our behaviors which is a recipe for failure. The very thing that we thought would save us will eventually crush us (Rom 7:10) Comparison Based off my limited research on Pantheism, it appears that this religions worldview would allow Paul to utilize the science of PEDs. One of the basic concepts states: Respect for reason, evidence and the scientific method as our best ways of understanding nature and the Universe. (Harrison, 1997) With this concept I believe that as a moral question is positive. Gaia links together plants, animals, bacteria, rocks, oceans, and atmosphere in a unity that shapes the planet and maintains life on earth. We are one with the planet and with all life. (Harrison, 1996) This is different for the Christian Worldview in that Christians believe the body was given to us as a perfect being and we should not try to remake Gods creation. Conclusion During the research of for this paper I was a little biased about PEDs. Looking at it from a Christian Worldview showed me some other concepts and ideas. I still believe that since the substance is not banned, and he could lose his starting spot on the team, it behooves him to least get caught up with his other team mates. Ethically for a Christian, context plays a very important factor in moral ambiguity. Unintended consequences could be that Christians are not represented in sports as much. There are other religions in our world and Pantheism is one that I believe would allow Paul to prosper by taking the PEDs. As a former athlete that utilized non-banned enhancements I think Paul is not being a team player.

Sunday, May 17, 2020

Understanding Key Components Of Performance Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1708 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? An effective performance management system integrates organisational, business and individual planning and performance. Performance management systems components include: Development of clear job descriptions The selection of right people with an appropriate selection process Provide effective orientation, training and development. Clarify performance objectives and linking these with organisational business plans. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Understanding Key Components Of Performance Management" essay for you Create order Conduct regular performance appraisal of individuals against the achievement of these objectives. On-going coaching and feedback Recognition or compensation that reward people for their performance Provide career development opportunities Actions to deal with poor performing employees. Evaluate the involvement of individual, team and organisational performance. One of the main issues mentioned in the case study was regarding recognition regarding pay and performance. Research on high performing companies has consistently shown that they have at least one common characteristic: their people understand the strategy of the business and believe that if they perform well, they will be recognized and rewarded by the organization. (Wilson Group, 2010) If Colbran Institute is able to develop a appraisal system where recognition is documented and rewards Colbran Institute will be in a better situation when it comes to employee morale and motivation and be able to achieve company goals. Performance Appraisals Performance appraisals are one of the most important components of performance management and are designed to measure and improve employee performance. Edwin B. Flippo wrote in his book titled Personnel Management that performance appraisal is the systematic, periodic and an impartial rating of an employees excellence in the matters pertaining to his present job and his potential for a better job. (Flippo, Edwin B. 1979) The performance appraisal process articulates the standards of work expected of employees and the values and behaviours employees are expected to uphold in meeting their job requirements, communicating and working with others. The information that performance appraisals provide, provides foundations for recruiting and engaging new employees, development and training of existing employees, and maintaining a quality team by adequately and properly rewarding their performance. If a reliable performance appraisal system is not put in place, a human resource manageme nt system will fail, resulting in the total waste of the valuable human assets an organisation has. The key objective of appraisal is to provide employees with feedback on their performance provided by the line manager. (Caruth, Donald. 2008). The main objectives of performance appraisals are to: Assess the performance of employees over a period of time Help manage the gap between actual and desired performance Indentify strengths and weaknesses of employees, which in turn will identify training and development needs. Provide feedback on past performance Give clarity of the responsibilities and expectations of the employee in the upcoming appraisal period. Therefore, Performance management leads to higher performance that is more closely directed to the strategic objectives of the organization whereas Performance appraisal and feedback assist employees to understand what work they do well and how they can improve their performance. Issues Identified From r eading the case study provided by Colbran Institute there seems to be a number of issues regarding the use of the graphical rating scale performance appraisal system. The graphical rating scale is one of the most popular methods of performance appraisal, it is easy to understand and cost effective to setup and manage. It involves listing subjective traits that the organization considers important for effectiveness on the job for example integrity, reliability, initiative and objective factors such as quality of work. The employee then gets a rating against each trait; these scores are then added up and produce an overall performance score for the employee. As seen with Colbran Institute the graphic rating scale does have a number of disadvantages; issues that have been brought forward include: Rater Errors Generalization of traits No real measurement achieved Issues from pass work history are not reflected. This form of performance appraisal is subject to rating er rors mainly due to rater bias which result in incorrect appraisals. Rating errors include central tendency, leniency, severity and the halo effect. In Colbran Institutes situation the rating errors consist of leniency and the halo effect. Leniency is demonstrated when the evaluator rates most employees very highly across performance dimensions rather then spread them throughout the performance scale, in Isabels case she has rated most employees as either good or excellent. Generalisation of traits is another issue that occurs when using the graphical rating system as it might have traits such as creativity which is assessed the same on all employees appraisal. This could become an issue if the employee is working in a position where creativity isnt something that relates to their work. They could be a data entry clerk for example which doesnt involve any creativity; therefore they might get marks down for this because it is unable to be shown; whereas someone that works in market ing would be the completely different. Another issue Colbarn Institute has is the generalities of the documentation produced from the appraisal. Allan suggests to Isabel What is good quality to you might be average to me or someone else and vice versa. This is something that needs to be considered with maybe a review by a second and third level manager. But you will still have the issue so of employees not understanding what is expected from them, for instance an employee is given the rating of 2 on motivation, the question is how is he able to improve this? Another common error in performance appraisal is the halo effect. This occurs when a managers general impression of an employee, after observing one aspect of performance, influences his/her judgment on other aspects of the employees overall performance for the assessment period. This is demonstrated in the case study when Allan asks Isabel about past performance of her employees and she replies with Well in the odd case, a couple of them have let things go a bit. This is not reflected anywhere in the appraisal. Task 2: (500 WORDS) Recommendation An effective performance appraisal system provides guidance so employees understand what is expected of them in their position. It provides flexibility so that employee creativity is encouraged and strengths are utilized. It provides enough control so that employees understand what the organization is trying to achieve. This is why I have put forward Management By Objectives appraisal system as the recommended system that Colbran Institute should take on board. Management by Objectives Management by Objectives was first introduced in 1954 by Peter Drucker in his book The Practice of Management. MBO is an appraisal method where the manager and the subordinate define common objectives and major areas of responsibility, then compare and direct their performance against these objectives. It aims to increase organizational performance by aligning organizational and individual goals throughout the organization. George Odiorne in his thesis describes Management by objectives as a process whereby the superior and subordinate managers of an organization jointly identify its common goals, define each individuals major areas of responsibility in terms of results expected of him and use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contributions of each of its members.(Odiorne, George S. 1965) In Management by Objectives appraisal system, objectives are written down for each level of the organization, and individuals are given specific aims and t argets. The principle behind this is to ensure that people know what the organization is trying to achieve, what their part of the organization must do to meet those aims, and how, as individuals, they are expected to help. This presupposes that organizations programs and methods have been fully considered. If they have not, start by constructing team objectives and ask team members to share in the process. (Heller, Robert 1998) Advantages and Disadvantages MBO overcomes some of the issues that arise from the Graphical Rate Scale as a result of assuming that the employee traits needed for their job success are the same for the whole organization and can be reliably identified and measured. The MBO method concentrates on actual outcomes, instead of assuming traits. An employee has demonstrated an acceptable level of job performance if the employee meets or exceeds the set objectives. Employees are not judged on their potential for success or on their supervisors subjective opinion of their abilities by on real outcomes. The main principle of the MBO appraisal system is that direct results can be observed, where as the traits (which might not even relate to an employees position) and attributes of employees must be guessed. Management by objectives also has its disadvantages like any appraisal method. The main issue with this appraisal technique is the initial development of objectives can be time consuming, which takes employe es and managers away from there actual work. When writing objectives for a performance appraisal it must be realize that in this day and age priorities and goals are constantly changing. This is something organizations have to be able to deal with to keep ahead of the game. The Performance Management scheme The new appraisal system will fit into the overall performance management scheme by aiming to increase organizational performance by aligning goals and management objectives throughout the organization. All managers and staff will participate in the strategic planning process, in order to improve the implement ability of the plan and implement a range of performance systems, designed to help the organization stay on track. Colbran Institute employees will get more input into identifying their objectives, milestones and timelines for completion and have a clear understanding of how their roles and responsibilities contribute to the aims of the organization as well as its str ategic goals. Management by objectives also includes ongoing tracking and feedback in the process to reach objectives. MBO would be appropriate for Colbran Institute to take on board because it is a knowledge-based organization where the employees are competent in their jobs. It is appropriate in this situation as we wont to build employees management and self-leadership skills and utilize their creativity and knowledge. Conclusion: This report has analyzed the role of performance management at Colbran Institute. It has taken a look at the current performance appraisal method and put forward a new structure which involves Management by objectives. Management of objectives is an efficient and balanced technique that will allow management to receive maximum results form their current employees by focusing on achievable goals.

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Investors influence on publicly listed companies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 26 Words: 7700 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Are institutional investors influence over publicly listed companies over-stepping the mark? A case study of De Vere Group Plc and Guinness Peat Group Plc. Table of Contents 1.1 The Climate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 3 Chapter 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Takeover Attempt à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 7 2.1 The Makings of An Attractive Takeover Target à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 7 2.2 De Vere Group Plc à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 10 2.3 Guinness Peat Plc à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 17 Chapter 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Literature Review à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 24 3.1 Stakeholders à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 24 3.2 Corporate Governance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 25 3.3 Company Ownership à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 26 3.4 Shareholder Powers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 29 3.5 Management Responsibilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 30 Chapter 4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Conclusions and Recommendations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 31 Bibliography à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 34 The beginning of the industrial revolution created new opportunities as well as problems for the business enterprises of that era in that there were a limited number of individuals as well as investors who could finance the large sums of capital needed to underwrite the vast scale of equipment, resources and expansion required. In order to capitalize upon the numerous opportunities which were presenting themselves as well as avoid being overexposed in any one venture, financial markets rose as a means for several investors to join in sharing the risks as well as the fina ncial investment. The beginnings of the preceding, financial markets, started in Europe to finance the industrial revolution as well as the expansionist policies of the British empire (eCommercenow, 2005). Todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial markets are the medium for the processing of various business financial transactions ranging from new issues to stock trading. Through the issuance of shares as well as financial reporting and public disclosure businesses are able to raise capital to finance new plant and equipment, expansion, research and development along with other purposes to increase sales, market share and bottom line performance. The ability to raise capital does come with certain expectations on the part of shareholders who hold a stake in the performance of the company, thus its directors and management must produce bottom line results. This measure of influence afforded by stock regulations and shareholder representation in the affairs of the company through annual s hareholder meetings and voting on the Board creates interesting scenarios. Shareholders are able to review managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance and as such can question various aspects at the shareholders meeting. Substandard performances have seen directors and executives removed from their positions, as well as serving to fuel takeover bids by investment companies who advise shareholders that they can receive a better return under their management. The reverse of this scenario also occurs. When the company has done and/or is doing well, the accumulation of assets, cash and other related positive financial aspects serve as attractive bait for various investment companies to seek to take over operations. In the United States, the quintessential corporate investment firm is Kohlberg, Kravis Roberts (KKR), known for their utilization of the leveraged buyout (LBO) through the creation of limited partnerships to take control of corporations. Known for their leveraged buyout of R JR Nabisco, Gillette, Safeway, Borden and other companies (kkr, 2005), they have acquired the reputation as corporate raiders. Known as an investment holding company, Guinness Peat Group Plc focus on acquiring positions in as well as owning public companies engaged in various industry sectors. This case study shall examine the offer by Guinness Peat for De Vere Group Plc focusing upon the reasons resulting in the offer as well as the factors contributing to same. 1.1 The Climate The events leading up to the offer by Guinness Peat Plc for De Vere Group Plc find themselves rooted in the overall climate of global as well as the British stock markets preceding 2004 when the indicated offer was tendered. 2001 saw a recession grip the United States economy that affected a drastic reduction in growth in developed as well as developing countries throughout the globe(nyu.2005). The pattern of global bull and bear markets during the prior decade had seen its fortunes tied to the economi c and stock market performances of the United States and Japan as the principle regional economic engines in the Americas and Asia. The unification effects of the European Union and the adoption of the euro as a singular measure of currency would not go into affect until January 1, 2002 (euro.com, 2005), thus Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s influence on global markets in 2001 was still fragmented, with Germany being the most consistent performer. Koutmos (1995) and Bae et al (1994) postulated that events, such as corporate news, job data, positive and negative developments, that transpired in the market in the United States are rapidly transmitted throughout the globe and help to influence global market performance. The preceding is a result of the dominance of the United States market in trading volume as well as being the most influential source and producer of information. The attacks on the World Trade Center in New York city, as well as subsequent commercial airliner attacks in Wa shington D.C. and Virginia, impacted global economies further intensifying the recession that had started in March of that year. The preceding view of the United States as a driver of global economies is also shared by Masih et al (2001) whose empirical evidence confirmed that price leadership in U.S. markets influences global economics and stock market indices. This market sensitivity to news from the United States creates a climate whereby international investors tend to overreact to news transmitted from this source, and be less concerned with news from other regions (Becker et al, 1995). The foregoing, along with a summary of subsequent years leading up to the 2004 offer by Guinness Peat, helps to chart the mood and climate for shareholders and investors that created the atmosphere for the preceding. The recovery in 2002 was one that showed a growth in output, but not jobs, and thus was considered à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"weakà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ by economists. And stock markets were fur ther affected by the accounting scandals in the United States involving Enron, Worldcom and other Blue Chip firms. These contributed to a loss of confidence by investors and saw the London FTSE fall 24 percent from its May 2002 peak (Middle East Survey, 2002). The Bear market that had gripped global economies was in its third year and represented the longest consecutive period of declining stocks in the United States since 1939 through 1941 (Taylor, 2002). The foregoing also affected stock markets as well as economies in every major developed and developing country throughout the globe. It is important to understand the conditions that contributed to the long running Bear market as these events would later influence Guinness Peat Plc in its analysis of De Vere Group Plc and the need to place a major deal in its investment portfolio after some lean IPO and stock performance years. The Bear market run was driven in 2000 through 2002 by the following factors (Taylor, 2002): Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Investors influence on publicly listed companies" essay for you Create order The Technology Bubble burst and there was an overvaluation of the stock market in other sectors as well. 2001à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s recession along with the slow pace of the recovery that gripped most the major developed economies, as well as most developing economies. Investor loss of confidence in analysts, companies, CEOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and Wall Street in general as a result of scandals and corporate wrongdoing. The threat of terrorism, war and varied geopolitical concerns became headline topics with scant resolution in terms of solving or resolving the fundamental causes or proponents. The significance of the preceding events manifested themselves in: The biggest bankruptcies in history as Enron with $63 billion, was followed by Global Crossings at $25 billion, along with Kmart with $17 billion, and a host of other companies, not to mention the prior dot.com shakeup which was still affecting various industries. The Sarbanes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Oxley Act of 2002 was a sobering reminder of the potential for corporate financial reporting as evidenced by the indicated bankruptcies that preceded its passage. It was enacted to instill renewed investor confidence in the market as a result of new laws enacted to control the potential for white-collar crime with severe penalties. Governmental Actions The weakness in economies throughout 2002 caused the United States Federal Reserve to attempt to restore confidence by cutting interest rates by 50 basis points on November 6, 2002 in conjunction with a similar action by the European Central Bank which occurred on December 5, 2002. The heavy U.S. trade deficit as well as United States overspending on its budget kept markets from rebounding and created the environment whereby the U.S. dollar declined. Each of the preceding contributed to a stagnated U.S. market and a resulting weakness in major global markets thus aiding the long Bear run. It is important to understand the aspects that drove the markets down over the three year period of 2000 through 2002 as this will help to explain investor and shareholder sentiment in the United Kingdom during 2004 as well as the management rationales for Guinness Peatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s De Vere offer. Taylor (2002) indicated that there were four factors to keep in mind regarding the poor perf ormance of financial markets and economies during 2000 through 2002, In order for the Bear market to come to an end, Taylor (2002) stated that two or more of the indicated factors had to change: Stock prices needed to fall, or corporate earning needed to rise in order to eliminate stock overvaluation in the market, Americaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy needed to recover and begin expanding, confidence needed to be regained by investors in the integrity of the stock market, and The various geopolitical threats and concerns resulting from terrorism needed to be brought under control. 2003 saw a modest recovery in the stock market and global economies taking hold. Part of the optimism was attributed to the ending of the war in Iraq, but more telling were the improved earnings reports from companies and increased dividend yields which helped to pull investor money out of bonds and back to stocks (Boland, 2003). Sellers (2004) indicated that the strength of the market recovery in 2003 was not to be found in the major indices, but in a broad look at how the average non blue chip stocks performed during that year. Sellers (2004) indicated that 5,201 of the Morningstar index of 5,999 stocks (87%) recorded stock price gains. The preceding, along with a 26% gain in the Standard Poorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 500 index where fully 92% of all the stocks recorded an increase in year end stock prices signaled across the board economic strength. For the year the NASDAQ composite increased by 50%, the Dow Jones industrial average recorded a 25% gain, and the Russell 2000 increased by 45% for its best year its 25-year existence.(Norris, 2004) These developments in the American financial markets aided as well as coincided with recoveries in other countries. The tracking of financial market and economic performance in the United States during the preceding periods, 2001 through 2003, is important as global markets are influenced by developments in the American economy. The indication of market conditions in the United States closely mirrored developments in the United Kingdom thus signaling an end to the longest running Bear market in history. It is important to note that as a result of trade, and other economic variables, that the British recovery lagged approximately three to five months behind the recovery in the United States. The market shakeouts recorded as a result of the recession, scandals, Sarbanes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Oxley Act of 2002, and governmental actions helped to restore market stability and the resulting investor confidence. The preceding s ummary of global stock markets and economic conditions represents important background information in understanding the attractiveness of De Vere Group Plc to Guinness Peat Plc in terms of its Partial Cash Offer in 2004. The financial misreporting and other glowing corporate and industry predictions that marked the foundations of the Bear market signaled a return to equity and asset barometers as indices of corporate strength and performance and this is the corporate financial area that Guinness Peat concentrated on in its appeal to De Vere shareholders. Chapter 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Takeover Attempt 2.1 The Makings of An Attractive Takeover Target To understand the reasons as to Guinness Peatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest in De Vere Group Plc, one must be cognizant of the workings of public companies and the environment in which they operate. These factors were present, from an historical as well as contemporary standpoint, when Guinness Peat made the internal determinati on to proceed with its Partial Cash Offer for De Vere Group Plc. In order to understand the context of such decisions by an investment company, such as Guinness Peat, evaluating which potential target to seek and for what reasons, along with an understanding of what might have been considered as the rationale(s) for making such an offer shall be explored. Founded in 1801 (Wikipedia, 2005), the London Stock Exchange is the conduit via which public companies interact with financial markets. In the United Kingdom the exchange is the watchdog over the rules and regulations governing publicly traded companies, unlike the system in the United States where the Securities and Exchange Commission as separate and autonomous government agency oversees rules and regulations. In 2001 the United Kingdom enacted the Financial Services Agency (FSA) (Carriere et al, 2002) which combines all prior United Kingdom agencies having oversight concerning securities matters under one umbrella. The role o f this agency might one day encompass a regulatory position that might be similar to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, however at this time it operates as an independent agency à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that regulates the financial services industry in the United Kingdomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . (FSA, 2005) The FSA has been provided with a broad array of rule making as well as investigative and enforcement powers to enable it to meet the four statutory objectives set forth for its existence (FSA,2001): Market Confidence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to maintain investor confidence in the financial system, Public Awareness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to promote a clear understanding of the financial system to the general public, Consumer Protection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to secure an appropriate measure of protection for the public, and Reduction of Financial Crime à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to reduce the extent for which it is possible to utilize a commercial enterprise for an end that is connected with the commission of a financial crime. The extent to which the London Stock Exchange is revered can be found in the fact that the countries of continental Europe have modeled their capital markets on the British system.(Carrie et al, 2002) Guinness Peat, under Sir Ron Brierley, aspires to a reputation as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the Warren Buffett of the South Pacificà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Sharechat, 2001) and thus the firm has acquired a reputation as a corporate raider. While the term itself sounds somewhat ominous the actual practice (corporate raid), is a viable financial strategy. A corporate raid is when an investment company (usually the initiator of such events) seeks a hostile takeover of a public company whereby the assets of the acquired company are sold off in pieces and the prices such a liquidation of the entities within that business produce exceed what was paid. As a result, the acquired company in most cases no longer continues to operate. The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hostileà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  i s utilized in this instance as Guinness Peatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offer for De Vere Group Plc was targeted at shareholders to cause them to vote in favor of the Partial Cash Offer. The effect of corporate raiders in terms of the economy as well as the shareholders of the companies involved is still a source for wide debate. There are proponents who believe that corporate raids constitute a damaging activity for shareholders and the economy in that they cause and create large-scale economic disruption of activity, not only for the affected company, but for the companies that do business with it as well. It is pointed out that the closing of factories, branches or business outlets create levels of unemployment for those workers whose jobs disappear as a result. On the other side of the coin there are proponents who believe that the existence of corporate raiders help to cleanse the market of companies where management has been lax in managing assets. An example of the preceding is wh en a company has large assets and a low stock price. In such an instance company management should seek higher stock pricing thus increasing investor confidence and providing shareholders with either dividends or the opportunity to trade shares and derive a profit. As a result some argue that corporate raiders serve to prevent business managers from become complacent and thus find means to redistribute assets (capital) from lower performing sectors of the economy to more productive sectors. There are those who point to the fact that the existence of raiders is a factor as to why the market performance of companies based in the United States during the 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exceeded those in Germany and Japan where corporate raiding is not permitted. The maximization of shareholder value is one of the responsibilities of management in seeing to the interests of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shareholders, as well as the company itself. (Mayer, 1999) The recession climate that gr ipped capital markets and global economies from 2000 through the beginnings of 2003 created a lot of anxiety on the part of shareholders as well as investment firms in that the opportunities to yield profitable outcomes had diminished to scant few opportunities. The recession period followed one of the longest running Bull markets, 1989 through 1999, which saw the dot.com, technology and telecom revolutions. The pent up desire to return to the profit making of that era could have been a factor in Guinness Peatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s De Vere offer. In order to equate if this, or other factors are the reasons behind this event, an analysis of both De Vere Group Plc and Guinness Peat Plc is in order. The preceding will examine these companies during 2000 through 2004 in order to gain a perspective on their operations, profitability and other factors, as these areas had an impact on the Offer of Guinness Peat in 2004. 2.2 De Vere Group Plc Trading on the London Stock Exchange as De Ve re Group Plc (DVR), the company engages in operating in both the hotel and health / fitness sectors, two areas that the company sees as growth oriented. This focus was arrived at in 1999 when the company opted to transform its core business as a diversified leisure group to the current corporate positioning. The preceding shift in direction was under taken to maximize shareholder value and entailed management shifting resources, administrative systems and personnel from the tenanted as well as managed pub businesses. The tenanted division, which consisted of the Inn Partnership, was sold for  £370 million in January of 1999, and the managed division, Greenalls Pubs and Restaurants, was sold for  £1.14 billion in December of 1999. Management utilized a portion of the proceeds from these sales to return  £529 million to the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shareholders by a special dividend and capital payment, while  £392 million was utilized to pay off debt. Th e structured company was changed from Greenalls Group to De Vere Group in 2000. The preceding sale of the indicated business entities signaled managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intention to completely divest itself of all Tavern and drinks wholesaling businesses. This was accomplished by the end of February 2001 when 17 depots were sold and the remaining units closed. The present company, De Vere Group Plc,, consists of two hotel brands, De Vere Hotels and Village Hotels Leisure Clubs, as well as a separate health and fitness brand titled Greens. In addition to the preceding, De Vere also owns a small sized white spirits company called GJ Greenall (Drinks Business Review, 2005). De Vere Hotels are the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s upscale market chain that consists of 21 locations. Targeted at the corporate and leisure markets these hotels have conference and a broad array of leisure facilities, including golf clubs. De Vereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mid-range hotel division consists of 14 Vi llage Leisure Hotels that contain health and fitness facilities. The De Vere brand name has enjoyed public acceptance in its positioning and this has permitted the company to leverage this awareness to create De Vere Resort Ownership, which are lucrative timeshare lodges are the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s resort properties. These lodges are currently situated in three locations: Cameron House, Loch Lomond, Slaley Hall, Northumbria Belton Woods, Lincolnshire The Greens brand consists of stand-alone health and fitness facilities that are targeted at the premium segment of the market. This divisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consumer strategy focuses on the adult segment of the population and also appeals to families. There are 15 Greens each comprising approximately 40,000 square feet of space equipped with gyms, steam rooms, spas, saunas, pools and facilities for aerobics. De Vereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GJ Greenall division manufacturers spirits under its own brand name, Greenalls Original and Daresbury Q, as well as manufacturing premium brands for Bacardi International (Bombay Gin and Bombay Sapphire). It is the performance of the company in preceding years that generated the interest of Guinness Peat in tendering its Partial Cash Offer. As such, the years succeeding the 1999 management refocus hold the answers to this question. 2.2.1 2000 The effects of the shift in corporate operations undertook by management in 1999 were revealed in the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Annual Report statements. The Chief Executiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Operating Review summarized the financial position, in comparison to 1999, as follows: Table 1 1999 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2000 Comparisons à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" De Vere Group Plc. (De Vere Annual Report, 2000) 2000 Turnover 1999 Turnover 2000 Pre-tax Profit 1999 Pre-tax Profit  £478.4m  £899m  £37.9m  £91.9m While the figures indicate a sharp decline from 1999 figures, they also reflect the loss of revenues from divestiture as well as the  £529 million which was paid to company shareholders via a special dividend as well as the  £392 million that was used to pay company debt. The resulting leaner company was therefore able to concentrate its energies on the new direction with a better looking balance sheet in terms of debt ratios and thus attractiveness to finance new operations from the cash derived from the sale of divisions. Although the overall revenue declined, as a result of the sale of operations and the fact that the sale of business divisions contributed just eight weeks of earnings, the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s revenues from those businesses it retained showed an increase of 13.5 percent to  £232.5 million, compared against  £204.9 million reported for 1999. The new health and fitness divisions increased their revenues by 15.2 percent to  £206.6 million from  £179.2 million, and this combined with the core hotel operations returned a profit of 15 percent, or  £15.5 million. (De Vere, 2000) It is interesting to note that De Vere actually functioned in a similar manner to a corporate raider when it changed the course of its business strategy by selling off existing operations to invest and enter what management deemed more profitable business sectors. De Vereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s entry into the health and fitness sector focused on the inherent weakness in this growing segment which was dominated by smaller local and regional operators. The unified nature of its market positioning under a large public company added luster to its entry as the company focused on upscale market imaging and demographics. Its Greens division profited from this positioning in terms of what the public perceived as quality management decisions that were overseeing this middle market demographic entry. The facilities are new, well planned and not lacking in the latest equipment and techniques. The ability of the company to focus economic clout on facilities and equipment provided consumers with a unified and identifiable brand it could trust. The preceding resulted in a membership roster of 78,000 in the De Vere Hotel, Village Leisure and Greens divisions. 2001 The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s move to hotels and health and leisure facilities represented the acquisition of real estate which the company either developed through the construction of new facilities or purchased via existing operations such as the Cavendish Hotel for  £60 million which it purchased in December of 2000. These build outs and acquisitions have the effect of strengthening the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s balance sheet from the gain of developed properties as well as the revenue derived from these operations. In addition, memberships generate a continuous revenue stream as well as a base for marketing promotions and other activities. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s upscale market approach left its core business less susceptible to economic swings as a result of the relative demographic stability of the upper income profile. The company increased the number of hotel rooms under the De Vere brand to 4,303 units, representing a 10.8% increase, and generated an operat ing profit of  £49.7 million as opposed to the  £46.5. 2001 represented the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first full year under its new operating structure and core businesses (De Vere, 2001). The company considered a sale of its Greens division, however the events of September 11th in the United States caused the Board to rethink its position in light of the looming economic uncertainty. The global economic slowdown that followed flattened the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s earnings and slowed the development of new facilities as well as market expansion in a tight travel and entertainment sector. Table 2 De Vere Group Plc Operating Highlights 2001 (De Vere Annual Report. 2001) 2001  £m 2000  £m % change Turnover 273.8 232.5 +17.7% Operating Profit 49.7 46.5 +7.1% 2002 The company managed to fair quite well in 2002 with strong performances throughout the Groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s divisions in its upscale market niche. One example is the increase of 1.4% and 0.7% in the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s De Vere Hotel and Village Hotels Leisure Clubs, respectively. The preceding compares against industry declines of 2.9% in the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s provincial market. (De Vere, 2002) The foregoing attests to managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision to target the upper income segment of the market in a defensive move against market downturns, and as a marketing move at higher profits due to disposable incomes. The preceding helped both of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hotel brands to outperform the market. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s positioning and long-standing sponsorship of the Ryder Cup positioned it in the premium category further adding to the brandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s worth. In the tough climate that impacted the business as well as consumer travel and leisure markets in 2002 as a result of the aftermath of 9/11, the De Vere Group still managed to grow by 1.8% in a receding market. More importantly the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock share price managed to maintain a steady moderate upward swing during the global recession earning it the reputation as a stellar performer. The soundness of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision to build of new facilities along with acquisitions of existing upscale hotel properties saw the value of its tangible assets rise to  £848.473 million, and with investments standing at 6.804 million the De Vere Groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fixed assets totaled  £855.277 million. Table 3 De Vere Group Plc Operating Highlights 2002 (De Vere Annual Report.2002) 2002  £m 2001  £m % change Turnover 293.9 273.8 +7.3% Operating Profit 51.9 49.7 +4.2% 2003 At the end of 2003 the De Vere Group had 21 De Vere Hotels representing 3,310 rooms, an increase over the 2002-year end total of 3,298. More impressively, the preceding was accomplished in a receding market. The value of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fixed assets increased from  £855.277 to  £869.214, with tangible assets rising to  £859.114 (from  £848.473), and investments increasing to  £10.100 from  £6.804.(De Vere, 2003) 2003 saw the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock price leave its hover between 500 and 400 ranges and move into the solid 600 category at year end. The stock performance demonstrated public confidence in the progress of the company, as well as the steady progression of successful openings and operating results in a tough industry sector. The company accepted the resignation of Paul Dermody who stepped down from the role of Chief Executive, a role which he occupied for three and a half years after forty years of service w ith the company. Carl Leaver was appointed to his post from Whitbread Plc where he was the Managing Director for Travel Inn as well as a prior position of Operations Director for Marriottà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Country Club golf resort hotels. (De Vere, 2003) Table 4 De Vere Group Plc Operating Highlights 2003 (De Vere Annual Report.2003) 2003  £m 2002  £m % change Turnover 312.2 293.9 +6.2% Operating Profit 54.7 51.9 +5.4% 2004 2004 saw a strengthening of the hotel market in the United Kingdom after three years of decline or stagnant growth. The strengthening of the travel and leisure segment of the market permitted the company to increase the average room rates by 2.0% to  £84.81 (De Vere, 2004). The effectiveness of De Vereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market positioning in the upscale segment of the market (demographics), along with the consumer perception of superior service and an effective marketing campaign were the underlying reasons attributed to the foregoing. The preceding was demonstrated by the 80% occupancy rate at the acquired De Vere Cavendish hotel, which was purchased in 2001. The foregoing improvements in occupancy rates included the Village Hotels and Leisure Clubs which demonstrated occupancy rates of 80% compared to the industry average of 67.8%, with an increase, on average, of 5.1% in room rates to  £55.10 (De Vere.2004). Fixed assets totaled  £860.817m, against  £859.114m recorded in 2003, and investments accounted for  £10,243m compared with  £10.100m in 2003, for a total of  £871,060 for 2004 ( £869.214 for 2003). (De Vere, 2004) 2004 marked the year that Guinness Peat Plc tendered its offer for 25% of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s issued share capital which was soundly rejected by the shareholders of which just 0.55% voted in favor. (Bloomberg, 2004) An examination of the De Vereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s asset, earnings and stock price points to a company that had successfully implemented a new direction in its core business and positioned itself in the upscale hotel and leisure industry categories. After just four short years the company had earned a stellar reputation for quality and service and had grown to 21 De Vere hotels and 13 Village Hotels Leisure Clubs. Membership sales at Greens totaled 68,400 individuals and this division had turned profitable in 2003. GJ Greenall increased sales by 6.9% to  £28.8 and signed a new agreement with Bacardi International through 2012 with a higher margin clause. In all instances the company either met or exceeded its goals and returned shareholder confidence in achieving results in adverse market conditions marked by 2000 through 2003. Guinness Peatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Partial Cash Offer for 25% of De Vereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s issued share capital represents an occurrence where the nuances of the offer require close examination as to Guinnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ intent. Table 5 De Vere Group Plc Operating Highlights 2004 (De Vere Annual Report.2004) 2004  £m 2003  £m % change Turnover 321.8 312.2 +3.1% Operating Profit 57.6 54.7 +5.4% 2.3 Guinness Peat Plc 2.3.1 Background on the Company Although headquartered in London, the Guinness Peat Group Plc is one of New Zealandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s premier companies, listed on the London, Australian and New Zealand stock exchanges. With a market capitalization of  £690.9 million the company has the financial resources to fund its investment strategies, which include holdings in financial services, manufacturing (thread and foods), building as well as raw materials (aluminum).(GPG, 2005) Its holdings are primarily in Europe as well as Australia and the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s small but experienced core of executives operate with a hands on attitude. The company is known for its selective investment strategy which it makes mostly in public companies. The preceding is for the purpose of enhancing share value through the influence of shareholders as well as announcements and topics at the acquired companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s meetings. Sir Ron Brierley is kno wn as an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"active investorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and some tend to label Guinness Peat as a corporate raider, however, he explains his strategy as akin to an entrepreneur who à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦stirs things up and adds value.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Sharechat,2001) Labeled as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Warren Buffett of down underà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Sharechat, 2001) Sir Brierleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s firm, Guinness Peat, has not performed nearly was well as his namesake whose yearly performance for 36 years has averaged 23.5%.(Sharechat, 2001) However, Guinness Peat has outperformed the capital markets wherever it has investment interests over the past nine years. When Sir Brierley took over the company in 1991 it totaled  £40 million ($60 million) in shareholder funds, a figure that now totals $1 billion. Sir Brierley has an active investor following of approximately 25,000 individuals who have stuck with his strategies almost from the beginning, thus providing the company wi th the clout it needs when the right deal presents itself. Lacking debt Guinness Peat is a sound investment company, further proven by Sir Brierley who takes no salary or feeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Rather, Sir Brierley is the single largest shareholder in Guinness Peat and states that his interests are the same as the other shareholders, thus he strives to achieve gains on their behalf. In the past Guinness Peat tended to sit on its investments, engineering strategy and market changes to steer companies down more profitable paths. This hands on style has been somewhat modified under present circumstances as Sir Brierley has stated that when one notices that the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategy is changing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦go sell your stock quick.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Sharechat,2001) He explains the preceding as protecting his investors and the company in that they minimize the downside, and by having investments spread across a number of industry sectors that Guinness is n ot over positioned in any one deal, thus if they do make a mistake the company will still be in a strong position. The preceding overview of Guinness Peat and Sir Brierley provides an understanding of the corporate philosophy and will be helpful in analyzing the De Vere Group offer. A company, as well as its leaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reputation, is forged in past deals and how they ultimately faired in terms of investor and shareholder results. Prior to the De Vere offer, Guinness Peat reaped a large dose of negative publicity as well as a tarnished public and industry image. The company held a 16% interest in Inchcape, an international automobile dealer in the United Kingdom. The British press called Guinness a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦troublemakerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Sharechat, 2001) when the company made demands that Inchcape be sold off and $343 million returned to shareholders. The furor in the press resulted from Guinness having stakes in other vehicle deale rs, namely Ryland, Perry and Quicks. It was argued that these companies could possibly benefit from the sell off of Inchcapeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dealerships thus seemingly representing a conflict of interest. Table 6 Guinness Peat Group Plc Holdings 2002 (hemscottinvestment analysis, 2002) Company Sector Holding (%) Market Cap ( £) Price (p) Div Yield (%) PE Forecast EPS Growth % Discount To Net Assets (%) Coats Textiles 21.3 356 50.5 6 10 na 43 Dawson Intl. Clothing 29.9 43 42 na 420 na 20 De Vere Hotels 8.3 387 348 3.2 13 6 29 Gowrings Restaurants Car Dealers 11 10 108 4.6 8.5 41 35 Nationwide Accident Car Repair Services 20.7 22 83.5 4.1 14 na 47 Quicks Car Dealer 21 39 96.5 5.2 11 10 20 Ryland Car Dealer 26.3 27 92.5 6 10 na 2 Stylo Clothing Retail 12.6 18 29.5 na 17 na 72 Tops Estates Property 4.7 81 180 2 12 17 54 And the preceding example is not an isolated case. The company is known as a share activist in the United Kingdom by attempting to halt the Deutsche Borse merger (Sharechat, 2001). Although the company has a less than 1% stake in the London Stock Exchange, it flexes its muscles in a manner that exceeds its clout as well as welcome. The British financial circles are well aware of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bloody battle with Coats Viyella. Guinnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 12% holding in this company was leveraged to remove the board in favor of individuals more aligned with its thinking. The company also angered the British public by staging three raids on the family owned Young Brewery. Its 7.8% stake was utilized, as in other cases, to force management to either hear and or adopt some of its demands. These actions, while possibly in the interests of Guinnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ shareholders, has tarnished the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reputation and thus tends to set management as we ll as shareholders on their heels when Guinness becomes involved. The Guinness Peat Offer In March of 2004 Guinness Peat made a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“partial cash offer to acquire 28.5 million shares of De Vereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Guinness Peat, 2004) based upon the following reasons as contained in Guinnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Offer document: The cash offer entailed 415 pence per share, which at the time of the offer represented a premium on the stock closing of 22 March 2004 at 408 pence of 1.7%. As a 35% shareholder Guinness indicated that it would seek to utilize a more progressive and dynamic strategy to result in a release of the substantial value it indicated is hidden in the current corporate structure. The company stated that it would seek to accomplish the preceding by selling off the De Vere Hotel Division to yield the highest potential for its value which Guinness believed was occurring at that point in time. That Guinness Peat would oversee the preceding developments through its management. Guinness indicated that in order for the Offer to be successful that: Over 50% of the De Vere shareholders with voting rights need to approve the Offer And that the indicated acceptances would entail a minimum of 28.5 million shares The Guinness Partial Cash Offer stated that in the De Vere 2003 Annual Report that the company set this divisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s net asset value at around  £552 million. Guinness indicated that this figure included the liabilities of the De Vere Group headquarters which stood at  £26.2 million. Guinness indicated that this accounting methodology masked the asset value of the hotel group and represented an asset that could be sold off with the proceeds returned to shareholders. Guinness indicated in its Offer that the De Vere Hotel division was actually worth more as a private business in that the average price fetched by sale is 10.1 times the EV/EBITDA, as opposed to the market valuation of 8.7. The Offer also indicated that De Vere had under performed, in terms of share price appreciation, the hotel and leisure industry segment and that managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategies were not yielding maximum return on fixed assets. De Vere did not respond to the pre ceding Offer thus prompting Guinness Peat to extend a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Final Partial Cash Offer to acquire 28.5 million shares of De Vere Group Plcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  on 8 June 2004. (Guinness Peat, 2004) This à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Final Partial Offerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  stated that: (Guinness Peat, 2004) De Vereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Board record of maximizing shareholder value has not been borne out by its record. The De Vereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Board has not disclosed a proper valuation of the De Vere Hotel division free of outside debt. The De Vere Hotel division has been seriously undervalued in terms of share price and that the present Board has not implemented corrective actions to address this shortcoming. And finally, that the De Vere Board refuses to address maximizing value for shareholders. This à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Final Partial Offerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  recommended the following corrective measures as the plan to correct the foregoing: (Guinness Peat, 2004) Dispose of the De Vere Hotel division at a price in excess of  £550 million (before transaction costs), to avail the company (De Vere) of the present low interest rate which would help to structure such a sale, to return a substantial portion of the proceeds from such a sale (De Vere Hotel division), to the company shareholders, to ensure that in the future the De Vere Board utilizes a shareholder beneficial approach to operations. Throughout the Partial Cash Offerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s extended by Guinness Peat, the same issue was tackled, a sell off of the De Vere Hotels division which has been under reported as a result of the companys headquarters debt being assigned in that segment of the financial reports. Guinness stressed in its Final Partial Offer that it was not seeking control of De Vere, simply to release undervalued assets to the benefit of shareholders through clear fiscal reporting and advantages for sale that exist in the present market. Guinness increased its share price offer to 430 pence which represented a premium of 5.4% over the 22 March 2004 closing price of 408 pence. The Final Partial Cash Offer was also rejected by De Vere shareholders as just 0.55% replied to the affirmative. 2.3.4 Guinness Peat Offer Analysis GPGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (Guinness Peat) Partial Cash Offer was based on its interpretation of De Vereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial reports that indicated the De Vere Group h eadquarters debt of  £26.2 million is why the Divisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s asset valuation for its hotels was only  £550 million. Guinness proposed shifting this debt thus freeing up the conditions for sale in a post recession market where the potential bidding for these premium properties would be driven to their true market value. The other assumptions utilized by Guinness Peat in proceeding with such an offer entailed their analysis that competitor firms would be eager to both rid themselves of De Vere in their competitive sector, but also strengthen their own positions through the acquisition of premium performing properties. Guinness Peatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Partial Cash Offer did not address the manner in which the  £26.2 million in headquarters debt will be structured, as well as the fact that this debt would represent a burden on the remaining performing divisions as the percentage of debt to revenues would increase dramatically. Said change in the debt to earnings ratios would drive De Vereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock downwards under the reduced divisional format and further limit the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to fund acquisitions for existing divisions or new opportunities. The Guinness Partial Cash Offer also failed to address that the sell off of De Vereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s flagship brand name would erode the prestige of its remaining brands thus resulting in a further deterioration of their brand image and how this would impact upon the remaining divisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to compete in a market which the company itself would have made stronger via a sale to key competitors. The Guinness Peat Partial Cash Offer also contained some striking advantages for GPG in that it would be able to gain control over this segment of De Vereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets and the dispensing of the sale proceeds thus regaining its Offer price plus profit in a relatively short span of time. The preceding, when coupled with the neg ative publicity that Guinness received in the British press for its handling of the Inchcape automotive dealership, Deutsche Borse merger with the London Stock Exchange, Coast Viyella boardroom blood bath and the three attacks on Young Brewery, created a climate of distrust on the ultimate motives of GPG. Guinness Peatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actions of 2004 could be gleaned from earlier resolutions to the De Vere Board in 11 January of 2001 when the company held its 10 percent stake. The following resolution was submitted to De Vere by Blake Nixon, the United Kingdom Executive Director for Guinness Peat. It proposed the following to be addressed at the upcoming annual meeting: (GPG, 2001) The return of up to  £50 million to shareholders via an off market tender offer for a total of up to 15% of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s issued capital at a price limit of  £3.00 a share, To spin off Village Leisure and Greens as a separate public company, Nixon stated that the Board of De Vere had not done enough to maximize share value. Ultimately, Guinness Peatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Partial Cash Offer did not impress De Vere shareholders in terms of its proposition or its share price offer. Further, the preceding broad operating and financial considerations were not addressed and presented a concern to those investors who had or would not have recovered their initial share price investments from the sale distribution plan offered by Guinness Peat. As indicated, the remaining entity would be a substantially reduced company and the debt to earnings ratio would further dilute the market share price. This end result would have provided De Vere shareholders with an immediate cash compensation, but left them with a weakened company in a strengthening market. Guinness Peatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Partial Cash Offer did not specify the distribution terms and leaves one to think that based upon past history that GPG would recoup all of its initial investment in De Vere as well as reap the proportionate share of cash from the De Vere Hotel division sale for a handsome profit. The short-term benefit of this proposal did not appeal to the majority of De Vere shareholders for these as well as other reasons. Chapter 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Literature Review Stakeholders Rahman and Jorg (2003) state that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦importance of the relationshipsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦companies have with stakeholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  go beyond the historical understanding of this term. They bring into the stakeholder / company relationship the viewpoint that it is more than monetary, it also entails trust and a commitment to objectives that best serve the interest of the company and therefore its stakeholders as well. The word itself, stakeholder, was first utilized by Marion Doscher (Stewart et al, 1963) as described in a report to business subscribers. Since that time, the concept of a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stakeholders has evolved and become defined to mean those individuals and groups which the company has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦unfair non-contractual effects.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Kelly et al,1997) British Prime Minister Tony Blair said that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“We need to build a relationship of trust not just within a firm but within societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Blair, 1996). Todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s understanding of stakeholders focuses on the relationship that companies have with this group. Rather than viewed as individuals and or groups to be managed, todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s corporate thinking see them as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦network-based, relational and process-oriented view of company / stakeholder engagementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Rahman et al, 2003) Rahman and Jorg (2003) further expand upon the preceding by stating that the modern day relationship between the company and its stakeholders, is based upon à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ mutuality, interdependence and power.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Rahman et al, 2003) The competitive nature of todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business environment has created a climate whereby corporations operate in multiple countries, thus making their actions, performance and behaviors visible to broad groups of individuals and institutions. Will iamson (1993) indicated that trust in business is actually a matter of calculation, based upon self-interest as well as consideration for others, as well as oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own reputation. Rahman et al (2003) bring up the point that operating a company in the interest of stakeholders can be inviting trouble as differing groups compete for control and thus there would not be a clear indication of which group has priority. In the instance of the Guinness Peat à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Partial Cash Offerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Sternberg (1994) argues that operating a company in this manner à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦provides no guidanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦as to how competing interests are to be ranked or reconciledà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ (Sternberg, 1994) And while the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"stakeholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ refers to anyone that has a stake in the well being of a company, in the context of the Guinness Peat Offer for De Vere, what one is really referring to are shareholders, a s stakeholders do not identify those who actually put up funds for their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"stakeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations (Dunlap, 1996). Thus, in the context of this paper, stakeholders is a term that reminds business managers to be mindful of those groups and individuals who have a financial stake in the corporation. The preceding also means that those suppliers, employees and non-financial stakeholders also need to be considered in the context of business decisions and how these groups and individual will be affected by business decisions as well. (Rahman et al, 2003) Corporate Governance Shleifer and Vishny (1997) provide some clarity concerning what is corporate governance as they define it as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the ways in which suppliers of finance to corporations assure themselves of getting a return on their investmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ (Shleifer et al, 1997). Rahman and Jorg (2003) state that corporate governance concerns itself with holding a balance between social and economic goals as well as between communal and individual goals. The framework (corporate governance) encourages the efficient use of resources and also requires the managing of these resources. Bavly (1999) furthers the preceding by stating that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Just as every social structure has its own accountability system, in the classic market economy a company is held responsible in the marketplace.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ (Bavly, 1999) He goes on to add that one of the obligations of corporate governance is providing information to enable the shareholders of a company to un derstand how the capital they have invested is and has been put to use, as well as the financial standing of the company in terms of these resources. Carriere et al, (2002) poi